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THE PLAN BOOK SERIES 

- _ in — 



A LITTLE 



JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA 



FOR INTERMEDIATE AND UPPER 
GRADES 



By 
MARIAN M. GEORGE 



CHICAGO 
A. FLANAGAN COMPANY 



* 



vK x 



V 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two Copies Received 

JUL. 19 1901 

Copyright entry 
LASS"©^XXe. N». 
COPY 8. 



Copyright, 1901, 
By A. FLANAGAN COMPANY. 



A Little Journey to 
Australia. 



How would you like to go on a voyage of discovery 
to the south pole ? After all, when we would get there, 
we could probably see nothing but water, or great 
fields of ice. 

But we are anxious to learn of the southlands, so 
suppose we go on a journey to the farthest southland 
of which we know. That is Australia, and the islands 
of Tasmania and New Zealand. 

If we go there we will have a journey of new ex- 
periences. We never before have been on so long an 
ocean voyage. Never have we been so far from home. 
What will we find in this far away land ? Do people 
there live in large cities ? Do they have large homes 
like ours, and do the boys and girls have any fun ? 
Do they go to school, and do you suppose they ever 
took a little journey to the United States? Perhaps 
they are asking these very questions about us. 

We have heard that there are many queer things in 
Australia ; but America would doubtless seem as 
strange to the people of that country. 

It will be delightful to visit a country where we may 
see new, and, to us, strange things. We will doubtless 
have many surprises before we return, and learn much 
of a country and people of whom we know so little. 



4 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

Let us find out where this country is, and learn 
what we can of its location, size and history, before 
commencing our journey. 

HISTORY. 

The history of Australia is very interesting, and in 
the early days full of adventure. It was probably 
first seen by Dutch sailors in 1606, but they did not 
think of making settlements in this far away country. 

After Captain Cook had discovered the Hawaiian 
Islands, in the same year, 1778, he cruised to the 




KANGAROOS AT HOME. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 5 

south, in and out among the small, rocky islands, fin- 
ally coming to a very large one. He might have 
thought it one of the East India Islands, but after 




AN ABORIGINE OF AUSTRALIA. 

coasting along its shores for some distance, he con- 
cluded it was a new country. He saw no white peo- 
ple, and the natives looked some like those he had 
seen on the little islands in the Pacific. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

Captain Cook was an Englishman in the service of 
his government. He told his countrymen of the 
great island he thought he had discovered, but they 
were too busy to think much about it. At that time 
the United States were fighting against them for inde- 
pendence, and the English were more anxious to keep 
our great, rich country than to make settlements in a * 
new one. 

After the Revolutionary war was ended, and the 
English had lost the thirteen colonies in America, their 
king, George III, was in favor of making settlement 
in a new country. 

What Captain Cook had told them years ago of the 
great southern island was now remembered, and prep- 
arations were made to found a new settlement. 

But the country was so far away, very few were 
willing to go. The subject was talked of a great deal 
in England, and finally a plan was made. 

Inasmuch as the English government could not find 
volunteers to go, they decided that the settlement 
should be made from the large number of convicts 
then in the jails and prisons. These people had no 
choice. If they were ordered to go, there was nothing 
to do but to obey. 

The first ship load of settlers destined for the 
new land contained seven hundred fifty-seven con- 
victs. Among these were about two hundred women 
and eighteen children. With them were one hundred 
and sixty soldiers. All of these, with the officers of 
the ship, amounted to one thousand thirty persons, 
who, in January, 1788, left England for a voyage more 
than twice as long as one to America would have been. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. / 

Do you imagine that they were glad to go ? They 
were happy to get out of prison, but the ship proved 
to be another prison. They were kept closely confined 
in cages during the entire voyage. Soldiers with 
loaded guns constantly paced the decks, and the 
strictest order was kept. 

All this may sound very cruel, but if the officers of 
the ship had given them the freedom that passengers 
have, the ship would probably never have arrived at 
its destination. There would have been a mutiny, and 
there is no end to the harm that might have been 
done, and the lives that would have been taken. 

Although there were some very dangerous criminals 
on board, we must not think of all of the number be- 
longing to that class. The word convict is a bad 
sounding one, and in our country it means a criminal 
to be shunned; but in England it was very different at 
that time. 

Many of those poor, unfortunate people were re- 
spectable and honest, yet they were convicts. This 
surprises us, but let us see what were some of the of- 
fenses for which they were imprisoned. In England, 
if a man owed even a small debt and could not pay it, 
he was put into jail and kept for months. His poor 
wife and children thus had their ] only support taken 
away from them. They were often driven to begging 
to keep from starving. If they should get so hungry 
as to steal, they, too, were put into prison. Among 
the prisoners were found men who had caught a fish 
from a private pond, or had shot a rabbit on some- 
body's ground. 

While this was not right, we would scarcely think a 



8 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



man should go to a dark, dismal prison, and stay 
months for such an offense. Added to his confine- 
ment was the fact that he had the coarsest and poorest 
of food. This treatment often made people who had 
tried to be honest, turn into bad men and women. 
They had nothing to do but to think of their wrongs' 
and it often made them ugly and revengeful. Others 
preserved their gentle dispositions all through their 
trials, and when restored to their families, led upright 
lives. 

The landing of this 
strange ship load 
was made at Syd- 
ney, which 
we shall soon 
visit. 




CM}. 



For a long time everything was under the strictest 
military rule in the new settlement. The men were 
obliged to work steadily, at first building homes and 
laying out streets. One of the first buildings to be put 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 9 

up was a little church. Every settler was obliged to 
go to service on Sunday. If they did not do so they 
were publicly flogged. This form of punishment was 
very common. 

We wonder why they did not try to escape. Some- 
times they did make the attempt, but it was almost 
sure death. If they were caught they were either 
hanged or shot. If they escaped to the bush, as the 
woods of Australia are called, they were almost 
always caught and killed by the savages. There was 
no hope to escape by sea, as no ships came to this 
lonely port in the first days of the settlement. 

After a time the affairs of the town became more 
settled, and the people began to take pride in their lit- 
tle homes, their gardens, and their industries. As they 
had more freedom they improved in every way, and 
finally became a prosperous town. 

More settlements of the same kind were made by 
the English in this vicinity, and finally people no 
longer dreaded to undertake the long voyage, or make 
r homes in the new country. 

Capitalists then followed to the new country and 
founded manufacturing establishments, and many in- 
dustries in which the people could earn good wages 
were started. 

As the years advanced those who had come from 
England as convicts were respectable and earning hon- 
est livings. They had nice homes and happy families. 
The children went to church and to school, and every- 
thing prospered. 

Many of the nicest families now living in Australia 
are descended from the convicts. No one in that 



10 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

country ever refers to this fact. It would be very 
unkind. Don't you think so ? We remember that 
many of those unfortunate people suffered cruelly for 
some slight offense, and it is not right that their inno- 
cent descendants should be reminded of what they 
could not help. 

The early settlements of Australia were all made in 
the southeastern part, in what is called New [South 
Wales, named for the Wales of Great Britain. From 
here people have emigrated to the far west and north, 
making their settlements on or near the coast. In this 
respect Australia has grown in much the same way 
that our United States has. We remember that our 
early homes were built along the Atlantic coast, and 
from there pushed westward to the shores of the 
Pacific. 

Australia has many large cities, busy towns, and 
flourishing farms or ranches, and when we visit them 
we shall find them very much like the thriving cities 
and farms of our own country. Everything in the 
great island will interest us more when we remember 
the hardships and struggles of the early settlers. 

CLIMATE. 

Australia is such a big continent that we must 
expect quite a variety of climate. 

We are visiting the country in its most favorable 
season, winter. " Winter P you exclaim. "This is 
June, not winter." But we must not forget that Aus- 
tralia is south of the Equator, and that makes all of 
the difference in the world. 

When the sun is traveling north it is nearer us and 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



11 



we have summer, at the same time it is farther from 
them, and they have winter. So June, July and 
August are the winter months of Australia. 

;: j- We see the sun 
in the south. They 
see it in the north. 
We shall find 
many things by 
opposites in this 
great south land. 

A country of few 
rivers and lakes 
has little rain. 
You think this 
might be remedied 
by the ocean, but 
look on the map 
and you will see 
the greater part of 
the coast lined 
with mountains. 
These prevent the 
vapor from pass- 
ing over to the 
thirsty interior. 
Occasionally the 
clouds will strug- 
gle over the moun- 
tains and then 
there will be a 
drenching rain. 

AUSTRALIA TYPE. 




12 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

Much that would be good for farm land is now use- 
less on account of lack of water. In some places 
artesian wells have been dug with success. 

In the hottest portion of the interior, hot ; terrible 
winds sweep over the deserts, piling up the sand in 
small hills. These winds, which are called monsoons, 
last for months. 

At that time there are also fierce fires, which rage 
through the bush , and over the grassy plains. The 
terrible forest fires in our country will give us an idea 
of the ruin they carry to all vegetation, and the dan- 
ger to the lives of those who work in the forests or 
prairies. 

We shall see very little snow in Australia, even in the 
mountains, which are nowhere very high. 

The climate of Australia, though so much hotter 
than that of America, is not so trying as we are inclined 
to think. This is because the air is so much drier. 
Intense heat or intense cold is quite easily endured if 
the air is dry. 

The pleasantest climate of the continent is known 
on the eastern and southern coasts. This is more like 
that of our own country. Tourists say that the autumn 
months of March, April and May, are the most agree- 
able, still we must consider ourselves quite fortunate 
to make the trip in early winter. 

LOCATION, SIZE, AND SURFACE. 

Australia is about 8,000 miles from the United 
States. 

It is located in the southern hemisphere, south of 
the Equator. The northern half is in the hot or torrid 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 15 

zone, and the southern half in the south temperate 
zone. 

The waters of the South Pacific and Indian Oceans 
surround It, thus making it an island. It is the larg- 
est i land in the world. It is so large it is usually 
called a continent. 

If you can think of an island as large as the United 
States, then you have an idea of its size. Australia 
has an area of 2,945,229 square miles. Leaving out 
Russia, it is large enough to contain two Europes with 
England, Scotland, and Ireland. 

It measures 2,500 miles from east to west, which is 
a greater distance than from New York to Denver. 
Its greatest breadth from north to south is 1,950 miles, 
a greater distance than from New York to Chicago. 

If we could sail around the coast, we would travel 
8,000 miles. 

Among the excellent harbors of Australia is Sid- 
ney, one of the finest harbors in the world. 

Along the northeast coast, bordering the division 
called Queensland, is the Great Barrier Reef of Aus- 
tralia. This is an irregular coral wall 1,200 miles long. 
Its width varies. In some places it is not more than 
twelve miles from the mainland to the outer edge. In 
other places the ocean side is known to be at least 240 
miles from the continent. 

The Reef must not be thought of as a solid wall, but 
rather as a chain of many detached islands, so near 
together as to give the appearance of being united. 

The water between the Reef and the mainland is 
called a lagoon. No matter how rough the waves are 
outside, inside the waters are calm. The lagoons 



16 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

would form good harbors were it not for the fact that 
they are sometimes too shallow. 

The Great Barrier Reef, and other coral reefs in the 
vicinity of the islands in the South Pacific Ocean, are 
very dangerous to ships. Very careful piloting is 
necessary when near them. This danger has been 
provided for by many beacons along the eastern coast. 
Sailors, who have been on every sea, declare this coast 
to have the finest light house system in the world. 

Back from the coast, the country in some places is 
a dreary desert of sand. In others it is covered with 
dense forests which are called the " bush." These are 
not always in the interior. They often commence at 
the coast and extend inland for many miles. 

On the plains of most countries, we see several large 
rivers. This is not the case in Australia. The Murray 
is the one river of any size. It is eleven hundred miles 
long. 

The other rivers are very short a£(j more'like ^creeks. 
The rivers of Australia have a curious habit of disap- 
pearing in the sand, instead of flowing steadily on to 
the sea as they do in our country. That shows that 
the soil is very soft and loose in much of the interior. 

On account of the lack of water the interior has 
never been explored. Attempts have been made, and 
many lives lost through starvation and thirst. Cam- 
els are the only animal used in traveling through these 
unexplored sections, and often they cannot endure the 
privations of the journey. Two daring men, Burke 
and Willis, whose monument we shall see in Melbourne, 
lost their lives in trying to make the vast interior 
known to the world. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 17 

The lake region of Australia is in the southern and 
southwestern districts. Though some of the lakes are 
quite large, the land about them is so low that they 
have little natural beauty. In many countries lakes 
are the source of rivers, but here they receive the 
waters from small rivers. They often resemble 
marshes rather than lakes. The lakes and numerous 
ponds are of great use to the farmers, in a climate 
where there is so little rain. 

THE VOYAGE. 

We are now prepared for our long journey. As we 
are to sail from San Francisco we gather there for the 
voyage. 

With our things cared for in our state-rooms we 
eagerly go to the deck, for there is an added pleasure 
in the sights of familiar places. 

Twice before in one year we have sailed out of the 
beautiful harbor of San Francisco en route to Hawaii 
and the Philippines. Those voyages, being in the late 
autumn and winter months, did not give us the beau- 
tiful view we now have. 

The glory of a June month is all about us. We 
again pass through the Golden Gate, and with the 
charming picture in our minds, are out on the open 
sea. 

The broad Pacific again ! We feel like old travelers 
on these waters. Think of three weeks on the great 
ocean, with almost 8,000 miles before we reach our 
first stopping place, the city of Melbourne in Australia. 

Still, three weeks in good company are short, and 
while our good ship bears us onward, let us use some 
of our time in studying up our route. 



18 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

We are on the greatest ocean in the world. Its 
waters are more than one-half of all the salt water on 
the globe. From north to south it reaches 9,000 
miles, from east to west 10,000 miles. 

We notice that our route takes us by way of Hawaii, 
Samoa, and New Zealand, all important islands of the 
Pacific. 

On this great ocean our ship is fast speeding south- 
west. One week of pleasant weather and we are again 
touching at Honolulu in the Hawaiian Islands. 

Leaving the mail, and getting supplies of coal and 
provisions, again our ship loosens her moorings for a 
still longer voyage. " Aloha! " " Aloha ! " from the 
natives, sounds softly in our ears as the boat moves off. 

To the south we steam. The air is becoming so 
warm that we know we are nearing the equator. We 
would like to know just when we cross the " line." 

Shall we see any mark at that point ? No. How- 
ever, the imagination must always picture the line in 
the same position. This line, with all of the other im- 
aginary circles and meridians, is used in making 
charts. 

By means of them, exact positions and distances 
may be told on the great, broad ocean, the same as on 
land. The captain would be lost without his chart. 
He knows just where his good ship is all the time. 

In all of our long sea voyages we know what it 
means to be good friends with our captain. The 
secrets of the deep are his. Let us ask him when we 
will cross the equator. He tells us to go to the stern of 
the boat soon after supper and feast our eyes on the 
" Great Bear" or " Dipper," for we will soon have to 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



19 




THE DIPPER. 



say good bye to it for some weeks. We are to stay at 
the stern until he sends us word. Then go immed- 
iately to the bow, look straight ahead and there we will 
see the beautiful " Southern Cross. 7 ' While we are 
going from stern to stem, we will cross the equator, 
and while we are gazing at the beautiful constellation, 
our faithful old north star will fade from sight. We 
are on deck long before the stars begin to twinkle. 
Soon they come out. Some way the old " Dipper " 
never before looked so interesting. 

Here comes the sailor boy with the message from 
the captain. 

We almost tiptoe to the front of the boat. And 
there, straight ahead of us, just as the old captain 



20 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



promised, twinkling brightly, but oh ! so far away, is 
the beautiful constellation of the " Southern Cross." 

It is a still, beautiful night. We gaze all about at 
the heavens, but everything is strange. Finally, we 
hurry back to take a look to the north. True to the 
captain's word, our " Great Dipper" is gone. 




THE SOUTHERN CROSS. 



Meeting the captain, we ask, " What will you have 
for a guide; now that you can't see the north star ? " 
"Bless us!" he says. "Isn't a south star as good as a 
north one? The "Southern Cross" is good enough for 
my old eyes. You'll have to get used to things down 
here. Haven't you ever heard that down here things 
are all topsy turvy? Wait till we are farther on and 
get a good south wind. How will it feel? Something 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA^ 21 

like a Dakota blizzard. If we keep on sailing, we 
shall get, not to the "sunny south" but to the frozen 
south. We will then look eagerly for the warm 
north winds, and our thoughts would turn to the sun- 
ny north." 

"You'll find all sorts of strange things in Australia, 
and you must get used to it. Some of the trees shed 
their bark instead of their leaves, which grow verti- 
cally instead of horizontally. When you notice this, 
see if you can think of any reason why. Many of the 
beautiful flowers which grow there have no odor, and 
some of the beautiful looking fruits are tasteless." 

"Will the people, also, be strange?" we ask. "Oh! 
about as strange as you Yankees. You'll find them 
full of business. They like the ways of the United 
States, and follow many of them. You'll have a good 
time in Australia, never fear, and see a great many 
interesting things which you wouldn't see in any other 
country on the globe. Here we are sighting Samoa. 
I must be off to duty." 

The cheery old captain has given us much to think 
of, and we open our maps to locate the Samoan 
Islands. We learn that there are wonderful caves on 
the islands, also that there are fine harbors where 
mariners often stop. The group is sometimes called 
"Navigators' Islands." 

It is now but a short run of 400 miles before reach- 
ing the Fiji Islands. We all know what a fierce race 
of cannibals lived here, and how changed they have 
become since missionaries came to live among them 
and teach them to be Christians. 

A few hundred miles more, and we cross the tropic 



22 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

of Capricorn and are out of the torrid zone. The air 
becomes gradually cooler and our voyage on to New 
Zealand is much like that from San Francisco to Hon- 
olulu. 

Touching at Aukland, New Zealand, the ship leaves 
a large number of passengers, some being tourists like 
ourselves, and others going to make permanent homes 
in the islands, perhaps engaging in some part of the 
sheep industry. 

We will learn more about these great islands later. 
Now, we must proceed to our destination, the main- 
land of Australia. 

Looking on our maps New Zealand seems very near 
to the continent, and we are surprised that we must 
sail over a thousand miles before our journey's end is 
reached. 

For almost 6,000 miles the course of our ship has 
been to the south; but now, turning westward, in a 
few days we touch at Sydney, the last port before 
reaching Melbourne. We shall visit Sydney soon. 
At present our anticipations all point to the present 
capital city of the great continent, and after three 
weeks on the great Pacific, we gladly welcome the 
spires of Melbourne as they appear in the distance. 

MELBOURNE, THE CAPITAL CITY. 

After a three weeks' ocean voyage, the longest in all 
of our travels, we are nearing the great continent of 
the southern seas. Melbourne, the city of our destina- 
tion, is in sight. Our ship turns its prow into the 
mouth of the beautiful river Yarra, and we are soon 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 23 

landing at Sandridge, or Port Melbourne as it is called, 
which is about two miles from the city. 

A railway pier runs alongside of the wharf, and in a 
twinkling we are transferred from ocean steamer to 
railroad coach, and in fifteen minutes are at the end 
of our journey. 

We learn that the river Yarra is not deep enough 
for ships drawing more than sixteen feet of water to 
go farther than the Port. In spite of this disadvan- 
tage Melbourne has a great commerce, and has grown 
to-be the largest city in the southern hemisphere. It 
surprises us to learn that the city contains several 
thousand people more than Boston or St. Louis, its 
population being almost 500,000. 

In driving up Collins street we have more surprises. 
Handsome buildings greet us from each side. The 
street is broad and at least a mile in length. Mel- 
bourne is up to date in streets, buildings, everything 
in fact which we can see from our carriages. It has 
the same air as the large, bustling cities of the United 
States. 

The city is beautifully located on two rolling hills, 
and is well laid out in regular, broad streets, with one 
hundred pretty parks, containing over 6,000 acres. 
What a thriving, progressive people this must be ! 

We pass a fine monument in the middle of the broad 
roadway. This is the Burke and Willis monument, 
erected to two brave men who tried to explore the in- 
terior of the country, and lost their lives in the effort. 

At the. hotel we are eager for information about this 
wonderful city and are again surprised to learn that 
when Chicago had already become a little city Mel- 



24 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



bourne was just beginning its life as a tiny settlement. 
In 1837 this now flourishing city contained only thir- 
teen buildings. Of these, five were log huts, the 
other eight being made of sod. 

We hope we shall be so fortunate as to get away 
without encountering one of those Melbourne " burst- 
ers." Should one threaten us, we would certainly 
make for the nearest house, as we wouldn't want to 
risk being drowned in the gutters, as we are told 
people sometimes are. 



%&££lr^ 




il(l||!,|l.lliW" ,(i "^ "'h^vfe Dwelling. 



A Melbourne " burster " means just what it saj T s. 
The clouds burst and the water pours down in pail- 
fuls. Everything and everybody exposed gets even 
more than a drenching, but after it is all over, the sun 
comes out brightly and everything has the fresh ap- 
pearance of a delightful bath. 

Melbourne is almost fifty years younger than Sydney, 
and yet contains several thousand more people. Mel- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 25 

bourne , as well as well as Sydney, has a very interest- 
ing early history, which when we heard it astonished 
us still more, that under such disadvantages at the be- 
ginning it could have had such unusual growth. 

' The disadvantages of the early settlement were 
many. There was serious quarreling from the very 
first, and it all happened this way. 

In 1835, an Englishman named John Batman se- 
lected this spot as a fine place for a settlement. He 
secured about 600,000 acres in and about where Mel- 
bourne now stands, from the savages, paying them 
with " forty pairs of blankets, forty-two tomahawks, 
a few knives, scissors, looking glasses, and shirts." 

Then he sailed for Tasmania, a large island south of 
Australia, which had already a few settlements. He 
went there to persuade a band of men to return with 
him and found a new town. 

He did not get his plans completed before the next 
spring, when he returned to find the place he had se- 
lected for his town occupied by a company of six men, 
with some horses and pigs, some dogs and a cat. This 
looked very much as though they had come to stay. 
And so they had. Although John Batman quarreled 
with these men, he did not dare disturb them, for they 
were well armed and gave him to understand that 
they had as good a right there as he. 

The quarrels were so bitter that the English gov- 
ernor of Australia, who lived at Sydney, came down 
to the settlement and took the rights away from the 
disputing men. He secured an auctioneer, and the 
place was divided into lots and sold. The auctiuneer 
took his pay in land, which at that time was not worth 



26 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA, 



$300. That same land is now worth over $1,000,000. 
That was a pretty good day's work'for the auctioneer. 
Quarrels between the two sets of men were kept up 
for years, but in spite of all, the town grew so fast 
that in four years there were more than four hundrc .1 




RED GUM TREE, AUSTRALIA 



houses, and almost three thousand people. In five 
years the town had grown to have 6,000 people, and 
was incorporated as a city. 

Doesn't it seem wonderful that a city could grow to 
such a size in so short a time? They had shops and 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 27 

stores, and were so successful in raising sheep that very 
soon they were able to send a cargo of wool, contain- 
ing several hundred bales, to London. 

In about three years after Melbourne became a city, 
gold was discovered near there. We shall hear about 
the " gold rush' ' later, but of course this caused the 
city to grow very fast. 

Then, too, Batman and his enemies died, and that 
brought harmony and more prosperity, for as long as 
the men of the two parties lived there was much 
quarreling between them, and that is bad for any 
town. However, the citizens of Melbourne have pre- 
served Batman's memory by naming a large cemetery 
in his honor. 

The city has prospered in every way, and now has 
20,000 business buildings and over 1,000 hotels. It is 
one of the finest cities of the continent. It has good 
stores, and 'many of them. The large ones, like our 
department stores, are called " universal providers." 
Many of the stores are built in arcades so that shop- 
pers may go from one to another without being ex- 
posed in summer to the intense heat of the sun. 

Five hundred schools, including a fine university, 
and 300 churches, show that Melbourne wishes her 
people to be educated and good. 

Although the city abounds in fine buildings, the 
pride of the people is the Public Library, which con- 
tains almost 350,000 volumes. It is not only open 
through the day, but until ten o'clock at night, that 
the laboring people may have an opportunity to read. 

Every evening, hundreds of working men in their 
working clothes, visit the library and enjoy sitting in 



28 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

the beautiful rooms, and reading the daily papers, 
magazines, and handsome books. 

Another splendid plan which Melbourne has for the 
advancement of its people is the fine music furnished 
free twice a week in the great amusement room in the 
town hail. This building contains the finest pipe 
organ south of the equator. It is a massive instru- 
ment with over 4,000 pipes and 70 stops. An organist 
is hired by the city to give the people these free con- 
certs, when they may hear the music of the great 
composers. 

A Saturday half holiday if given in the city, and 
the laboring people have an opportunity to enjoy 
themselves in the picture galleres, fine museums, the 
library, the parks, the cricket grounds, or at the 
races. 

Every one has heard of the Melbourne Cup, which 
is given at noted races of the famous Flemington race 
course, which is said to be the finest in the world. 

It has a track one and one-half miles in length. In- 
side of this is a thick, velvetry lawn of over 300 acres. 
This is always free to spectators, although there is a 
fine grand stand, where those who wish to pay for a 
seat may go. 

At the great race for the Melbourne Cup, hundreds 
of thousands of people come from the neighboring 
cities and towns, and all the country 'round. Hand- 
some carriages and farmers' wagons mingle together in 
the great throng, and no one, no matter how poor, is 
kept from witnessing the sights. 

At this time the most elegant costumes are seen on 
both men and women, who dress far better than the 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 29 

people of our home country. The men in Australia 
make a great deal of money, and they like to spend it, 
and one of the things in which ihey spend it is 
handsome dressing. 

Probably the most talked of thing in Melbourne to- 
day is the establishing here of the parliament for an 
of the states of Australia. For the present, Mel- 
bourne is to be the capital city of Australia. Each 
state has its capital, but there was no one place where 
the government was united until now. 

The new parliament meets in the great Exposition 
building, for although Melbourne has its parliament 
building, it is occupied by the parliament of the state 
of Victoria. If all of the people unite in wishing to 
have the capital permanently located in Melbourne, 
the city will be very fortunate. Melbourne can scarce- 
ly hope for this, as there has always been so much 
rivalry between this city and Sydney, that the people 
of the latter city will probably not consent. Doubt- 
less a city in this section of the country will be chosen, 
for the greatest business of the continent lies between 
these two large ports. 

GOVERNHENT. 

Although Australia has a king, the government is 
very much like that of the United States. 

Australia is only one of many countries which ac- 
knowledges Edward VII, of England, as king. 

This country is divided into states. Can you im- 
agine the United States divided into seven great 
states? That is just the number in Australia. Queens- 
land, named for Queen Victoria, and New South 



30 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

Wales, form the eastern states. Victoria, also named 
for the queen, and South Australia, are the southern 
ones. Western Australia, which is more than one- 
third of the whole continent, is, as its name suggests, 
in the west. North Australia, at the extreme north, 
and bordered on one side by the Gulf of Carpentaria, 
is in the hottest portion. Alexandra Land, which is 
in the central part, and contains a large desert and 
many single mountain peaks, may have been named 
for the beautiful wife of King Edward. 

Every state has its sea coast and mountains, but 
the rivers of all are few and uninteresting. 

Let us take a good look at our map and locate the 
divisions, not forgetting to notice the large islands, 
Tasmania an d^ New Zealand. 

TRAVEL. 

Going from one city to another we go by rail, as we 
would in the United States, but the trains and roads 
are much different from ours. 

Their roads are all called narrow gauge. They are 
only three feet six inches wide in some of the col- 
onies, and travelers going outside the limits of one 
colony (we would say state) must transfer from one 
road to another. 

The coaches are there spoken of as carriages. They 
open at the side, much like our city street cars. Be- 
tween stations the door is closed and locked. One 
must know his station, or be carried by, for there are 
no conductors or brakemen. A guard takes the place 
of these. He collects the tickets when passengers 
leave the trains. If an accident should happen, there 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 31 

is no means of communicating with the engineer or 
guard. 

The freight cars are more like our heavy wagons. 
They are not inclosed as ours are, but freight is covered 
with tarpaulin to keep it from getting wet. Tar- 
paulin is canvas cloth covered with tar to make it 
waterproof. It looks very odd to us to see the loaded 
cars thus covered. Coal is hauled in what is termed 
hopper cars. A trough-like box running lengthwise 
holds about five tons. Each car is about the 
length of a four-wheeled caboose. 

The engines are also small, but they seem to make 
pretty good time. There is no stopping for crossings, 
as the trains either cross the streets below or above. 

In the train system, Australia patterns after her 
mother country, England. All suburban lines have 
double tracks, and the service is very good. 

There are no railroads crossing the interior of the 
continent. The large cities are all connected by rail 
except Perth, the far western city. In time this will 
be connected with the nearest great city, Adelaide. 

There are 15,000 miles of railroad in Australia, and 
more roads are being built. The states, or colonies, 
each own their own roads, and want to do everything 
for the comfort of the people. 

SYDNEY, THE OLDEST CITY IN AUSTRALIA. 

The first ship load of white people ever brought to 
Australia, landed in 1788 at the place where now 
stands the magnificent city of Sydney. 

From the early history of the settlement of the 
great continent, we remember that this was a ship load 



32 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

of prisoners from England. The ship was accompanied 
by a fleet of ships containing provisions and materials 
for the founding of a colony. 

Captain Phillips cruised about for quite awhile, to 
find a suitable site for a town. Had he sailed around 
the entire coast he could not have found a finer situa- 
tion for a city. He might have thought he was sailing 
into the mouth of a great river, for he sailed between 
many tall headlands going back from the ocean for 
four miles before landing his human cargo. 

There he came to a beautiful circular bay, or cove 
as it is called, where the waves were as quiet as those 
of an inland lake. He then knew that he had reached 
the mainland, and that this water was an arm of the 
great Pacific Ocean. 

The entrance through which Captain Phillips sailed 
is now very famous. The promontories are called the 
Sydney Heads. Finely equipped lighthouses dot the 
high banks, and beautiful country homes line the 
shores. 

People who have sailed in all parts of the world, say 
that the harbor of Sydney, called Port Jackson, is the 
finest they have seen. They say it is much ahead of 
New York harbor, which is one of the world's greatest 
ports. 

Large ships, drawing at least twenty-seven feet of 
water, never have to wait for the tide, but at any time 
can steam into the harbor and lie close to the shore. 
The harbor is so roomy that it has been said that the 
navies of all the governments of the earth could anchor 
here at one time. During one year there is a record 
that 2,600 ships entered Port Jackson. From this one 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 33 

fact we may realize the Importance of Sydney in the 
business world. 

Let us now seek onr hotel, and later in a visit to the 
wharves we will peep into some of the great ships we 
are passing and learn what they bring to and take 
9 from this busy city. 

As we drive up George street, leading from the 
wharf, it is difficult to believe that only a few more 
than a hundred years ago, not a building of any kind 
stood where we now see the handsome post office, town 
hall, hundreds of fine, substantial stores, churches, 
school houses, and thousands of beautiful homes. 

The fine street through which we are passing was 
named for one of the kings of England. As this city 
was founded and the street named soon after our 
Revolutionary War, can you not tell the name of the 
king? 

Another prominent street is Pitt, named for the 
great Englishman who befriended our colonies during 
their fight for independence. 

The streets are wide and finely laid out, crossing 
each other at right angles. The general appearance of 
everything is pleasing except that of the street railways. 

Right through the principal streets run the cars, 
drawn by a smoke puffing locomotive, stopping every 
two blocks for passengers. As may be supposed, very 
many accidents happen, especially to strangers who 
are not on the look out for such an unusual circum- 
stance as a locomotive in the principal streets of a city. 

In our drive about Sydney, we are surprised at the 
large number of handsome school houses. We had 
no idea that thousands of miles south of the equator 



34 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA 



we should find the children enjoying the same pleasure 
we do in our homes and schools. 

The school buildings are fine, and neat curtains and 
potted plants adorn the windows. Let us follow this 
bright-eyed troop of children into the building. Here 
we find a very cordial, pleasant faced teacher, who 
looks as though school teaching was anything but 
drudgery. Attractive pictures hang on the wall, mod- 







UBLIC 



'CrtOOl 



ern maps, globes and charts stand conveniently about, 
and the children have comfortable desks and seats. 
They are happy in their schools, and their parents 
have spent a great deal of money, most willingly, to 
make the schools beautiful and comfortable. 

The churches and cathedrals are elegant structures, 
most of them being modern. Among them, and very 
much cherished by the residents, is old St. James' 
Church, with its ancient, high-backed, uncomfortable 
pews. Many tender memories are connected with this 
church, and the people love it as we do our old North 
Church of Boston, 




A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 35 

No one in America, visiting New York or Chicago 
for the first time, would think of leaving the cities 
without visiting the beautiful Central or Lincoln 
parks. And so it is in Sydney. 

This city has, not one, but many parks. One of 
them is Hyde Park Square, named after the beautiful 
Hyde Park of London, which we will visit next year. 

As in our own country statues 
of Columbus, the discoverer, are 
prominent in public parks, so 
here in Hyde Park we see a fine 
statue in memory of Captain 
- Cook, who discovered Australia, 
or at least made it known to 

GRASS TREE. ^ WQrl± 

Opposite Hyde Park is Albert Park, named for 
Queen Victoria's husband. This contains a statue of 
the Prince Consort, as he was called. 

Then there are parks and parks, some containing 
hundreds of acres. The Botanical Gardens in Domain 
Park contain every plant known in Australia, as well 
as specimens from every country in the world. What 
a bower of beauty and perfume ! We feel like stay- 
ing here forever ! 

In this park are the three famous Norfolk pines that 
were planted here seventy years ago. One of them is 
ninety-five feet tall, and quite close to the ground is 
fifteen feet in circumference. One could easily play 
" hide-and seek" behind this tree. In the gardens, 
also, is a wonderful tree called the sea-oak. When all 
is still, it gives forth a sound like the murmur of a sea- 
shell. 



30 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 




WA^Jv— — Nfvv- 



^j$J/Jlm^»' 



MUSK-TREE. 



Do you like musk perfume? We find plenty of it in 
the vicinity of a musk-tree growing in the gardens. 
The odor reaches for many yards and makes the air 
heavy with perfume. 

We can scarcely bear to leave these gardens of love- 
liness, but our time is limited, and we must see all 
that we can of a country we may not again visit. 

We board the street-cars for a ride into the suburb? 
along the delightful beach. For miles we ride, with 
the sail-dotted bay often in full view. The suburbs 
are more beautiful than the • city, and we learn that 
more people live here than in the city proper. 

About fifteen miles from Sydney we visit. the famous 
orange groves of Paramatta. Ripe oranges are gath- 
ered here the year round, though they have the most 
delicious flavor in the summer month of December. 

Back to the city we go for the promised visit to the 
docks and wharves of the Cove. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 37 

One of the wharves, Circular Quay (pronounced key, 
and meaning wharf) is thirteen hundred feet in length. 
That seems pretty long, but when we see a great ocean 
steamer almost 800 feet long by its side, we see that 
it is none too long for the business transacted here. 
This, wharf is built on the very spot where Captain 
Phillips landed the first white people to found a 
settlement in the newly discovered continent. Several 
of the wharves cover at least three acres each. The 
government is constantly obliged to enlarge the ac- 
commodations for ships. This shows the rapid growth 
of the commerce of the city. 

Here lie gome great ships being loaded for foreign 
ports, many for London, some for India, some for San 
Francisco. A peep into them will tell us some of the 
secrets of this busy port. 

This large ship is being loaded with hundreds and 
hundreds of bales of wool. There are great piles of 
sheep, rabbit, kangaroo and cattle pelts. From these 
will be made gloves, shoes, cloaks, caps and many 
other articles of clothing. The rabbit skins, of which 
17,000,000 are shipped every year to London, are 
made into electric seal for ladies wraps. 

In one end of the ship are boxes and boxes of can- 
ned goods, marked " Kangaroo Tail Soup." 

Let us visit the refrigerators. This ship has touched 
at a port in New Zealand and there taken on board 
thousands of pounds of frozen carcasses of sheep and 
rabbits. Some idea of the amount may be had from 
the fact that 11,000,000 pounds of frozen rabbit meat 
are annually shipped from these islands, and that they 



38 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

boast twenty-one great meat - freezing establish- 
ments. 

In the safe of the ship we might see case after case 
of beautiful pearls and handsome opals, which, through 
London dealers are sent to all of the large cities of the 
world. Gold coins fresh from the mint are safely 
stowed away for the great Bank of England. 

The sending of goods to foreign markets is called 
exporting, but this is not all of the business at these 
immense wharves. Many ships are unloading great 
cargoes of goods from London, India and the United 
States. The bringing of goods into a country is 
called importing. The imports landed here are shipped 
to all of the great cities of the continent. 

The wool which grew on the backs of the sheep has 
gone through the great English factories at Manches- 
ter, and has been changed into clothing for the many 
people who own and tend the sheep. Cotton and lin- 
en cloth, manufactured iron goods, pianos and hun- 
dreds of useful things come from England. Java 
sends her coffee, China her boxes of tea, and the 
United States, through our port of San Francisco, 
sends shipload after shipload of machinery. Every- 
one in Australia and New Zealand favors American 
machinery. They want the best of everything, and 
all of the modern improvements. 

Now, with all this loading and unloading of all 
kinds of goods, too many to name them, big passen- 
ger steamers coming in with passengers from all over 
the world, and sailing away with a like number, is it 
any wonder that Sydney has the name of being one of 
the greatest, busiest ports in the world? 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 39 

OTHER CITIES. 

NEWCASTLE. 

From Sydney we must run up to Newcastle. Have 
you ever heard any one say that doing a certain thing 
would be like "carrying coals to Newcastle?" That 
means that whatever was suggested would be very 
foolish, just as foolish as "carrying coals to New- 
castle/ ' when that city is in the centre of the coal dis- 
trict of Australia. It is named after Newcastle in 
England, which is situated as this one is, in the centre 
of the mining district. 

All about the city are immense mines which employ 
10,000 people. After going down one of the shafts 
into the dark mine, we pity the people who have to 
earn their living in such a place, and it is dreadful to 
think of the boys who begin so young to work at such 
a gloomy business away from daylight and fresh air. 

BRISBANE. 

Five hundred miles north of Sydney is the capital 
and only large city in Queensland. This is Brisbane. 

The business buildings are very neat and substantial 
and here, as everywhere in the capital cities, there is a 
fine government building. 

The houses are mostly of one story, with broad, 
vine-covered verandas. 

Brisbane is all up and down hill. It is said to be 
built on 700 hills, and one of our party who is not 
very fond of hill climbing insists that it must be 
7,000. 

Brisbane has an immense market because of so 
many products from the whole of Queensland, which 



40 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



extends far to the north. Much of it being in the 
torrid zone, many tropical fruits grow here. The pine- 
apples are delicious, and the bananas, ripe from the 
trees, have a flavor we never before tasted. 

Wool in great quantities, timber from vast forests, 
gold and coal are some of the products that pass 
through this market. 




ADELAIDE. 

The largest city in South Australia is Adelaide, 
named for the wife of King William IV., the principal 
street of the town being named for the king himself. 
A handsomer street than this would be difficult to find 
in a city of the same age. 

The public buildings of the city, which are situ- 
ated on this street are very fine in architecture. We 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 41 

notice so many churches that we think the people of 
Adelaide must be very good. We learn that Adelaide 
is called the " City of Churches." 

This city has a large wheat market, and a visit to 
the farms near by would show us the familiar sight of 
American plows, reapers and mowers at work in the 
great wheat fields. Adelaide, the same as all other 
Australian cities, exports a large crop of wool. 

Another surprise we have here is the quantity of 
delicious fruit. Fine grapes, oranges, apricots and 
peaches grow easily and with little care. We have 
feasted so much on this rare treat that we shall prob- 
ably think of Adelaide as the " city of fruits." 

PERTH. 

If we had time to visit the length and breadth of 
Australia, in the extreme west, more than 1,000 miles 
from Adelaide, we would find the city of Perth. It is 
quite a city, having a population of over 20,000 people. 

It seems lonely to think of it so far from the other 
large cities of the continent, but Western Australia 
must have a market for her products, and in a few 
years we will see other large cities springing up along 
the coast. At present there are a number of towns in 
the vicinity of Perth, but none approaching its size. 

Avery attractive feature of the city is the profusion 
of handsome lilacs which fairly border the streets. 
The principal street, which is two miles long, is lined 
with these beautiful, flowering trees. 

The long stretch of northern coast has no towns. 
The climate is too hot for other than the aborigines, 
who number less with every year. 



42 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



THE ABORIGINES. 

The people of Australia, so far as we have seen 
them, look, act and dress much as do the people of 
the States. We are somewhat surprised and disap- 
pointed at this. We had expected to see and study a 
new race. 

"Where are the na- 
tives?" we ask. The 
guide tells us that in this 
country the white people 
who are born in Australia 
are called the natives. 
The first or earliest in- 
habitants are called ab- 
origines. 

These people are dying 
out very fast and there 
are not now more than 
20,000 in the entire coun- 
try. They are scattered 
very thinly over the con- 
tinent and the islands, 
but one seldom sees them 
in or near the cities. 

In New Zealand we can 

find a number of them, 

in Queensland a few, but 

in Tasmania none at all. 

To Queensland of the mainland then we go. Here 

we find a number of them employed as house servants, 

and they are quite willing to tell us of their earlier lives 




A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA, 



43 



and of their less civilized relatives in other parts of 
Australia. 

The aborigines are spoken of as a black race, but 
the color of their complexion is chocolate. 



i 



AUSTRALIAN CLUBS. 



They tell us that they were fierce, and, like other 
savages, delighted in war. It was their pastime. They 
painted themselves with hideous streaks of red and 
with their native weapons went to battle. 

Their weapons were spears and waddy clubs. They 
are very skillful in throwing a spear and seldom miss 
aim at a distance of thirty or forty yards. 



44 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



Here is a group of the black men engaged in some 
sport, They are throwing curved sticks, and the 
queerest thing is that when they throw the sticks 
away, they come whizzing back and fall at their very 
feet. These sticks are called boomerangs, and only 
the aborigines know how to throw them so skillfully. 




AUSTRALIAN BOOMERANGS. 

We examine one of the sticks and find it made of 
very hard wood. The curve is not made by carving, 
but is cut from a stick which has the natural bend. 
The ends of the boomerang are twisted in opposite di- 
rections, which helps the stick in its peculiar course. 
But the wonderful part of the boomerang is the throw- 
ing of it. These Australian savages are practiced in 
throwing anything they can get into their hands. In 
going through the woods, arty small animal sighted is 
at once brought down by a stick or a stone. 

In talking with the black servants in the towns 
they told us that some of them were cannibals. Do 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 45 

you know what a cannibal is? It is a human being 
that eats human flesh. How dreadful! Because of 
this habit it was very difficult to civilize them. They 
relished human flesh, and did not like to give it up. 

They have a natural desire to kill, but they do not 
torture their victims as the Indians of America did. 



**yiiiiiii,,,-; MW:. -$/ 
CANNIBAL, AUSTRALIA,, 

They love to kill instantly. If a white man has a 
black servant, it is very unsafe, when in his com- 
pany, to walk in front of him. He may like his 
master. At the same time if he has the opportunity 
to kill, he can scarcely resist the temptation to do it. 
The black people never have any regular time for 
eating, but eat whenever they are hungry. A Nor- 



46 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

wegian writer, who traveled extensively through the 
country, accompanied by black servants, tells the 
amusing story of how they expressed to him their de- 
sire for food. They would beat their stomachs im- 
patiently and cry out "Ammeril AmmeriV 1 which 
meant hungry. They would do this whenever they 
saw him eating, whether they were hungry or not. 
He had to threaten them with a revolver in order to 
eat his meals in peace. 

The native savages have a curious way of always 
gazing into the trees as they go through the woods. 
For what do you suppose they are looking? Game? 
No, they are looking for honey. They know about 
where to find it, and when they see a sign of it in the 
hollow of two branches, up the tree they go. The 
honey, comb and all, is soon devoured. The bees 
swarm all about them, but that does not disturb them 
for although they bite, they never sting. If they find 
more than they can eat, they may take some home to 
their families, though the women go out each day to 
hunt and prepare the food. 

In speaking of their food when they lived in the 
woods one of the blacks, a cook, told us they were 
particularly fond of beetles, which they find on 
trunks of fallen and decayed trees. They roast them 
before eating. He said they were really delicious an$ 
tasted much like a finely flavored omelet. 

When they were so fortunate as to kill a kangaroo, 
they had meat for some days. Fish also formed a 
part of their diet, and in the north where tropical 
fruits grow, it is a common food for those who still 
live the wild life. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



47 




Qi **mrss 



GATHERING WILD HONEY. 



48 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



A poor old creature working about the place where 
wc are stopping told us that she was so cruelly treated 
by her husband that she had run away, as many other 
women of her tribe had done. 

She said that if she were ever caught by her hus- 
band he would kill her. She told us that the wives 



RT 




AUSTRALIAN BOOMERANG THROWERS. 

were the slaves of their husbands, who always traded 
for them or stole them, and then always abused them. 
These blacks who have left their tribes to work for 
the white men are hated by their own people. If they 
should ever return to them they would be killed in- 
stantly. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 49 

A black man is always buried in the spot where he 
dies. The place is then deserted. They have a curi- 
ous belief that a white man always springs up in that 
place. 

They all believe in an evil spirit, and some of the 
tribes worship idols. Those who live among the 
whites are civilized, and often become Christians. 

CHILD LIFE. 

See this stupid looking little black boy. He is the 
son of a servant employed in the home in which we 
are staying. He must be at least eight years of age, 
has lived all his life among civilized people, and yet 
he cannot count six. 

Take out a dime, or silver sixpence and a copper, 
and give him his choice. He will be quite as apt to 
choose the copper as the piece of silver. You may try 
to make him understand that the silver is worth more 
than the copper, but you will not succeed, not even if 
you spend hours explaining the matter to him. He 
has not enough intelligence to reason the matter out. 

He does not lead a very pleasant life. His mother 
is lazy, and spends most of her earnings for drink. He 
is left much to himself, is ragged and dirty, and often 
hungry. 

If he were in the country far away from the whites, 
his life would be quite different, but perhaps not much 
pleasanter. 

The children of the uncivilized blacks have never 
had very happy lives. Many of the babies were for- 
merly killed by their mothers because they were too 
much in the way. What heartless mothers, you say. 



50 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



But remember what wretched lives these poor mothers 
led. They were the beasts of burden. When the 
1 nbes were on the march they were compelled to carry 
eve^thing. The food supply of kangaroo flesh, and 
the household goods were all piled on their over-bur- 
dened backs. In addition to this a mother must carry 
her baby. If she dropped her load she was beaten or 
killed. So in order to save her own life she deserted 
her child or killed it. The savage father was not apt 
to miss it. 

The children who were allowed to live were taught 
to hunt and fish, to build bark huts and to prepare 
food for their meals. They wore no clothes, so they 

but they were taught to make 
beautiful rugs of oppos- 
sum's fur. 

The children and wo- 
men never ate until the 
^men had finished their 
meal. They sat behind 
the men when they ate, 
and were only given such 
parts of the food r.s 
the men did not care 



S^^. 



did not 



learn to sew. 




TRE.E J'WjE.b. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 51 

for. This usually consisted of half cooked kanga- 
roo, oppossum meat or snake. 

Much was made of the games the children and 
young people played. They had sham battles and 
wars as soon as they were old enough to walk. These 
rights were not regarded wholly as games, they were 
lessons in war. They were their schools, and their 
only schools. 

The child who was the bravest and most skillful 
fighter was praised by the whole tribe, and looked up 
to and obeyed by all the other boys and girls. Each 
child was obliged to make his own weapons, which 
consisted of spears, clubs and shields. Their shields 
were made of strips of bark. Their other weapons 
were made of hard woods. Flints and stones were 
used for knives and chisels. Sharp pointed sticks 
were used for spears. 

When a boy was old enough to take his place 
among the men of his tribe his preparations for man- 
hood were attended by customs somewhat like those of 
i the North American Indians. 

He left his tribe aud lived alone in the forest for a 
month or more. He was obliged to secure his own 
food by hunting or else fast. Upon his return he gave 
an exhibition to the warriors of his skill in fighting, 
in games, in dancing and singing. If his efforts were 
satisfactory to the braves of the tribe he was declared 
a man. After this he might wear a feather head- 
dress and go to war with the other men. 

He found a wife soon after this, or several of them, 
if he liked, and beat them when he wished, just as his 
father beat his mother. 



52 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



SHEEP RAISING. 

We have heard so much of the sheep industry of 
Australia, let us take a drive to one of the big sheep 
ranches and learn all we can about it. 

The farm we are now passing belongs to one of the 
great ranch owners, yet we drive "for miles before we 




PRIZE SHEEP OF AUSTRALIA. VALUE, $4,000. 

come to any of the buildings, or find any of the men 
connected with it. 

One could ride for a whole day and yet not cover 
the ground of some of the Australian farms, or ranch- 
es as they are called. They contain thousands and 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 53 

thousands of acres, and make our American farms 
seem like garden plots. Many of the farms contain 
200,000 or more acres. 

At last we come to a building which is the head- 
quarters of the overseer. The owner lives in town, 
but visits his ranch often to see that everything is 
well cared for. 

The overseer tells us that there are over 1,000,000,- 
000 sheep in Australia, and that one million are owned 
by his employer, some of the finest being worth $5,000 
each. 

On this ranch hundreds of thousands of sheep have 
been raised in a single year. Great ranches which 
contain such numbers cannot be managed as Ameri- 
can farms are. The owner must have a great many 
men on his place. Each one is assigned a certain 
number of sheep, a thousand or more. They are lo- 
cated so far apart that when the sheep are let out to 
pasture there is no danger of the flocks getting 
mixed. 

On this ranch, as on many others, it is so arranged 
that two flocks are quartered at night in the same 
vicinity, but in separate enclosures. This is so the 
shepherds may be closer together for protection. Each 
sleeps in a shed near the sheep, always prepared for a 
possible night attack from wild dogs or bushmen. 

In the early morning the sheep are let out, and they 
wander off, grazing as they go., The shepherd never 
loses sight of them, and his dogs keep them from 
straying. When noon comes they are headed home- 
ward, grazing as they go. 

As it is nearing evening the sheep are being driven 



54 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

into the inclosures. Let us visit the shepherd in his 
hut and learn something of his lonely life. 

He tells us that week in and week out he sees no 
one but his companion shepherd at night. The lone- 
liness is so great that often he feels as though he 
would become insane. He tells us that ranch owners 
are now employing families, if possible to secure them. ' 
This, we think/ is a wise plan, for the father may 
often send his boys to care for the stock while he stays 
about the home, makes a garden, and does many 
things to give the place a thrifty, home-like appearance. 

In the evening he has his family about him, and 
with someone to talk with, life is not so dreary. The 
children play about the rude building, made cosy and 
tidy by the kind mother. They live a free, out-of- 
door life, but have no chance for an education while 
their father remains a shepherd. 

Most of the families work hard, and are very econom- 
ical. As soon as they have saved a little and can 
afford to do so, the father engages in some other work, 
where he and his family may have the society of 
others and the children may attend school. 

The shearing is the most interesting of anything we 
see on the ranch. Nearly all of the ranches have a 
good sized building equipped for this purpose. First 
the sheep are washed and let out in runs to dry. 
Then they are driven into another enclosure from 
which the shearers take them. The shearer drags a 
sheep from the pen, holds it with his knees, and com- 
mences his work, beginning with the head. He leaves 
the back until the last, and when he is through, the 
fleece falls off in one piece. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



55 



Have you ever seen a pair of sheep shears? What 
clumsy things they seem, yet the shearers handle them 
with ease. They work fast and sometimes are very 
careless and cut the sheep. A bucket of tar is always 
ready, and the wound is at once covered to keep the 
.lies from it. 

When a sheep has lost his woolly coat he is a queer 
looking object. We almost pity him, but we must 
think how useful his coat is to clothe people, and that 




A LOAD OF WOOL. 



he really does not need it to keep himself warm. In 
such a climate he probably feels happier with the 
heavy coat off. 

The shearers are reckless fellows. During the sea- 
son they travel from ranch to ranch in gangs. They 
ride fine horses and are very particular about their 



56 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

food. They insist on having the best, and often have 
a cook traveling with them to provide them with all of 
the luxuries of the season. 

On this ranch we are treated to a typical Austra- 
lian dinner of mutton and tea. Tea is the universal 
drink among men as well as women. The men see so 
much of the sheep that we could not wonder if they 
objected to eating mutton. 

The shearers are usually paid so much for a score, 
and some of the most skillful can shear six score in a 
day, but the average number is four score. As they 
receive about five shillings for a score, they earn a good 
sum in one day. They are paid in English money, as 
that is the currency of the country, and a shilling of 
their money is almost twice a shilling of ours. Now 
if a rapid shearer can cut the fleece from six score 
sheep in a day can you tell how much his day's work 
will bring him? 

The shearers generally have a terrible habit, that of 
gambling. After the work of the day is over they 
will play far into the night. At the end of a season 
perhaps a few of the most skillful players will have 
the most of the money earned by the entire gang. 

After the wool is taken from the sheep it is packed 
into bales, and pressed by machinery until a surpris- 
ing amount is put into a small space. It is then 
carted to the nearest town and sent by rail to the 
coast to be shipped to foreign countries. The over- 
seer tells us that Australia ships, every year, over 600,- 
000,000 pounds of wool, which has the reputation of 
being the best in the world. 

Most of it goes to the great manufacturing cities of 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 57 

England, where it is spun and woven into cloth, and 
then sold all over the world. Wouldn't it be odd if 
some of us are now wearing clothing that actually 
grew on the backs of the sheep of Australia? It is 
quite possible that this is true. Perhaps the blankets 
which we sleep under at home once covered the backs 
of the very sheep grazing quietly in these green 
pastures. 

If the girls have on merino dresses, then we may be 
sure some fine old sheep was robbed of his coat to dress 
them, for Australia is the producer of thousands of 
merino sheep, which grow the finest wool for the man- 
ufacture of ladies' clothing. 

Although sheep raising is the great pastural industry 
of the country many cattle are also raised. Dairies 
are now very plentiful and a visit to a dairy farm will 
prove to us that Australia has as fine cheese and but- 
ter as may be found in the richest prairies of the 
United States or Europe. From the cities of the 
south coast these dairy products are shipped to Man- 
illa, and the day is not far away when they will find a 
market for them in the cities of southern and eastern 
Asia. 

THE GOLD FEVER. 

Did you ever have a fever, and do you remember 
how flushed your face was and how fast the blood 
rushed through your veins? 

Perhaps you can remember how wild you were, and 
how, for part of the time you were "out of your head" 
when the fever was highest. 

When people get so wild about gold, and almost 



58 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

lose their senses, that is why it is said they have the 
"gold fever." The blood rushes fast through their 
veins as they think of digging up a fortune in a few 
days, or perhaps weeks . 

They have had the "gold fever" in Australia. Men. 
and women, wild with excitement, from all parts of 
the world, rushed to Australia when they heard of the 
great nuggets of gold being actually picked off the 
surface of the ground. 

About seventy-five miles north of Melbourne was 
the scene of the first gold excitement on the conti- 
nent. Let us visit that place, the city of Ballarat, 
which about fifty years ago was a village of tents 
peopled by men and women eager to make their for- 
tunes. And some did make them even in one day. 
Great nuggets worth $20,000 and $50,000 apiece were 
discovered. The largest one ever found in Australia 
weighed 189 pounds, and was called the "Welcome 
Stranger." This was worth $50,000. Sometimes a 
claim less than ten feet square would yield that much 
gold. Is it any wonder that people became wild? 
Those who were poor one day, were rich the next. 

History gives Edward Hargraves the credit of dis- 
covering it in 1851. 

He had been in California, and when he came to 
Australia, he noticed the resemblance of the soil to 
that in California. That which he found was gold 
dust in the earth, but it set everybody to searching, 
and we have seen the rich results. 

The people were so wild that a curious story is told 
of the discovery of gold at another spot where a little 
town was built. The family who owned the first brick 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 59 

house in the place tore it down, and crushed every 
brick to search for the dust. The story says that 
they were rewarded by finding three ounces to the 
ton. 

People dug in their back yards, and in many cases 
found the precious dust. Every yard became a mine 
for the time being. 

The gold rush did more good than bringing to 
light the yellow metal. It attracted the attention of 
England. England was letting the colonies of Aus- 
tralia get on the best they could until the great dis- 
covery came, which promised to make every one rich. 

You remember that England was very anxious to 
take shiploads of convicts to the new continent when 
it was a wilderness. Now, she was more anxious to 
keep them away. She came forward, interested 
herself in the country and its people, and the result 
was good for the new colonies. 

She rewarded Edward Hargraves, and sent him 
hunting in other sections for more gold, which he 
found. Besides the gold found at Ballarat in Victoria, 
great quantities have been found in New South Wales, 
South Australia, West Australia and Queensland. 
The richest mine in the world is in Queensland. 

The gold found in Australia is alluvial, or washed 
from earth, and also quartz which is dug from rock. 

The amount of gold already taken from the earth 
reaches 'way into billions of dollars worth. And think 
of the land that has not yet been even scratched on 
top! We cannot estimate the riches yet hidden in 
Australian soil. 



60 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

THE MELBOURNE MINT. 

The quartz and dust does not have to be taken to a 
foreign land to be made into a useful form. 

The capital city, Melbourne, has a large mint where 
$27,000 is coined and stamped every hour. More 
than £82,000,000 have already been coined in this 
mint. Do you know how much an English pound is 
worth in our money? By thinking for a few minutes, 
we find that this mint has turned out what would 
equal $400,000,000 of our gold dollars. 

Upon many of the pieces we see the image of Eng- 
land's king, who is also Australia's king. 

But the greatest sight at the mint, and the one we 
shall never forget, is the beautiful molten gold, being 
poured from the buckets into the molds. 

Think of gold bubbling like boiling water! And it 
doesn't look like gold. It is green on the top and 
looks like bucketfuls of boiling emeralds. As it is 
poured off it shows the bright yellow, and is the most 
tempting sight to be imagined. 

As at all mints, they are so strict we can carry 
away no souvenir except the remembrance of a de- 
lightful visit. 

TREES AND PLANTS OF AUSTRALIA. 

Sitting under the shade of a tree in Australia is 
about the same as sitting under the trees in Nor- 
thern United States in the spring, when the sun shim- 
mers and glints* through the almost bare branches. 
This is true even under the foliage covered trees of 
Australia. We examine the foliage to see the reason 
of this peculiar circumstance. We find the leaves 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA 



61 



growing in a vertical position instead of horizontal as 
they do in our country. Why is this? This is a 
much warmer climate than ours. Do you suppose 




"pAEl (§)OTTUE. [REE. 



that the leaves, turning their edges to the sun 
get less heat and so are better able to endure the hot 
sun? Perhaps, also, the sun cannot drink as much 



62 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA 

moisture from the edges of the leaves as from the flat 
surface. The trees have to make the most of all the 
water they can get, unless they are near the coast or 
some lake where they can get a fresh drink from the 
moist breezes, 

Some of the trees have no leaves at all, just the 
bare branches, yet they are as full of life as any 
maple tree growing on our own lawn. 

Such is the bottle tree. It is a curious sight. 
The great trunks of these trees look like wide jugs or 
vases, and the spreading branches look more like the 
arms of an octopus than they do those of a tree. 

We find the trees shedding their bark instead of 
their leaves. Their bare trunks are as smooth as 
though they had been planed by a carpenter. This 
is a very peculiar sight. The naked trunks stand 
about like so many ghosts of their former selves. 

The eucalyptus is a world-famed tree, known for the 
healing oil which is produced from it, The oil, much 
used in fevers, also in throat diseases, is very purify- 
ing. It is said that people living in the vicinity of 
eucalyptus trees are seldom sick, and almost never 
have a fever. 

This noble tree is also very valuable to man be- 
cause it can resist the gnawing of insects, and as salt 
water has little effect upon it, substantial piers are 
built from the timbers cut from the tall trunks. The 
tree is a giant, growing sometimes . to the height of 
400 feet, their smooth, white trunks measuring six 
feet in diameter 200 feet from the ground. This spe- 
cie of tree is also known as the gum tree. 

A very peculiar one is the grass tree. The foliage 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 63 

consists of a great bunch of long grass depending seem- 
ingly from one spot about two-thirds of the distance 
from the ground to the top of the tree. These trees 
give almost no shade, and look very grotesque. 

Another rare tree is the Australian spruce. It is a 
fine specie of the evergreen. The aborigines collect 
the immense cones and use the seeds as food. These 
trees are now quite scarce, and owing to their useful- 
ness to the blacks the government protects them from 
being cut down. 

There are many cocoanut and date palm trees grow- 
ing here, but, for some unknown reason the fruit lacks 
a good flavor. This seems strange, as the oranges and 
pineapples are very delicious. 

Ferns grow very abundantly, many reaching the 
height of trees. And wouldn't it be a curious sight to 
see lilies growing as high as a house? Yet that is 
one of the curious things which we see in the plant 
life of Australia. 

As the country becomes more thickly settled Aus- 
tralia will lose much of her forest. Clearings must be 
made for new settlements, and the trees must fall as 
civilization goes onward. 

ANIMALS OF AUSTRALIA. 

"Ha! ha! ha! ha!" we hear as we walk underneath 
the trees. No one is laughing at us, however. It is 
only that curious bird, the laughing jackass, found in 
Australian woods. 

He does not deserve his name for he seems to be a 
very wise bird. He is certainly a brave one, for he is 
not afraid of the poisonous snakes and lizards. He 



64 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



boldly attacks 
them, and as he 
kills great num- 
bers, he is very 
useful to the outly- 
ing settlements. 
This bird has no 
beauty to make him attractive. 
He seems to be all head and bill, 
besides having immense feet. 
But there are birds of beau- 
tiful plumage in the woods of Australia. The lyre 
bird Is one of them. He is so called on account of 
the tail feathers growing in the shape of a lyre. He 





THE LYEE BIRD. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



65 



spreads his tail and struts about as though conscious 
of his handsome appearance. 

He seems to get a great deal of fun out of life, and 
how do you suppose he does it? By fooling the men 
at work in the forests. He will so perfectly imitate 
the sounds of sawing and splitting wood as to make 
them drop their tools and listen to locate the neigh- 
boring party at work. 

He will also call other birds and animals about him, 
so closely does he imitate their cry. The aborigines 
call him the "bullard, bullard," because his own song 
sounds like these words repeated. 

There are many, many birds in Australia — so many 
we haven't time to tell of all. The largest is the emu, 




\>\1\nVvvV\ 



THE EMU, 



66 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



hunted for its skin. It is a great bird, like the os- 
trich, and can run as fast as a horse. The blacks hunt 
it by means of strategy. Dressing themselves in a suit 
feathers, with one arm held in the air to imitate the 
neck and head of the bird, they move slowly toward 
the victim. When they are near enough, the spear, 
which is carried by one foot, is skillfully thrown, and 
the prize is theirs. 

Australia has her share of poisonous snakes, among 
the most dangerous being the tiger snake and death 
adder. Lizards, scorpions and poisonous spiders cause 
the settlers to be watchful, as their bites are often 
deadly. 




DUCK-BILL PLATYPUS. 



The platypus is one of the queerest animals pe- 
culiar to this country. It is covered with fur, but 
has webbed feet and a very wide bill like that of a 
duck. It also lays eggs like a fowl. 

There is also a fierce wild cat something like a bear. 
It is very appropriately called the "Tasmanian Devil. " 
It is black, with here and there a white spot. The 
tiger wolf is another ferocious beast. Both being 
poultry thieves, they are a terror to the farmers. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 67 

The most peculiar animals of Australia, and those 
most characteristic of the country, are the marsupials, 
or pouch bearing animals. Among them are the na- 
tive bear, opossum, and the kangaroo. All carry their 
young in a pouch, until old enough to go about for 
themselves. The most interesting of all is the kan- 
garoo. 

THE KANGAROO. 

Of all the animals in Australia the one we are most 
anxious to see is the kangaroo. We will not have to 
go far, for he, too, enjoys the rich grass which grows 
on the pasture lands the farmer has selected for his 
sheep. Here on the great ranches we may get a 
glimpse of him, if we are cautious enough in approach- 
ing. He has the keenest scent, especially for a human 
being. 

We make our way to the pasture lands, and finding 




Pffflm* 



yoorl i 



68 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

an old shepherd with his flock, he suggests that we 
hide with him in a clump of bushes overlooking the 
sheep, which are quietly grazing. From here we are 
likely to see the kargaroo. 

Soon we see the strange animals coming from the 
woods at one side. They stand up, look all around, 
and seeing no one they commence their meal of 
grass. 

We have a good opportunity to observe them. Some 
of them are as large as men. When erect they are 
curious looking creatures. They sit on their hind legs, 
which are very large and strong. The hind feet have 
three toes, the middle one ending in an ugly claw. 

As they sit, they are supported by an enormous 
tail. The shepherd tells us that this makes a de- 
licious soup, and that, already, it is shipped out of the 
country in quite large quantities. 

The front legs are very short. The paws have five 
fingers ending in strong, curved claws. The front 
paws are used in picking up the baby kangaroos to put 
into the pouch. 

All mother kangaroos have a pouch underneath 
their bodies, in which they carry their little ones until 
old enough to look after themselves. They also hide 
in the pouch if there is danger, by jumping in of their 
own accord. 

The sharp claws of their fore feet are useful to them 
in defending themselves when attacked by hunters or 
dogs. A blow from them often kills a dog instantly. 
The dogs fear them and try to keep at a safe dis- 
tance. 

As we peep out we see a family of little ones run- 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 69 

ning about, eagerly eating the tender grass. A slight 
noise from the bushes and they scamper to their 
mother, ready to be stowed away for safety. 

At the same time a large kangaroo sits up, pricks up 
his ears and listens. He is the leader of the herd, and 
is called the " old man." He is fierce, and if attacked 
will fight to the death. 

Kangaroos will always run if pursued, making 
for a place where they can defend themselves. 
If a pond or lake is near by, be sure they are running 
for that. They have a curious way of defending them- 
selves in the water. 

When safely in, they turn about ready for the 
attack. If their pursuer, man or dog, gets near 
enough, they quickly seize him and hold him under 
the water until drowned. 

A story is told of a man who, to tease his dogs, imi- 
tated the cry of a kangaroo. Suddenly, out from the 
woods leaped an " old man," seized the man who gave 
the cry, and made off with him in great bounds toward 
a neighboring pond. The man called loudly for his 
dogs, and though they came quickly, before the kan- 
garoo released his hold, the man was nearly drowned. 
Probably he never again tried to fool his dogs. 

If an " old man" is pursued, and there is no water 
near by, and he cannot outrun his pursuers, he runs to 
a tree and sits down with his back to the trunk. In 
this position he is a dangerous animal. He is ready 
to fight and he waits calmly for his enemy to attack 
him. In this position there is but one way to capture 
him, and that is by shooting. He is so quick in his 



70 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

movements and so fierce, it would be almost sure 
death for the hunter or dogs to approach him. 

Kangaroos are the plague of the farmers of Aus- 
tralia. They come from the woods in great herds and 
graze on the pasture lands. Sometimes the meadow 
will be black with them, and in a short time they will 
strip the land of all the grass upon which the farmer 
depends to feed his sheep. Then all the farmers for 
many miles band together to rid themselves of this 
pest. 

They arrange what is called " a drive/ ' First, they 
build a high fence, at least seven feet, so that the kan- 
garoos cannot leap over it. The fence is built in the 
shape of an open V. 

The farmers, on horseback, secrete themselves in the 
woods on the outskirts of the pasture and watch for 
their victims. When a large number is gathered the 
hunters begin the chase, heading the animals for the 
opening of the inclosure. The kangaroos soon find 
themselves prisoners and the farmers kill them with 
heavy clubs. In the open, the " old men" kangaroos 
cannot fight well. If they cannot back up against a 
tree, the battle to them is almost sure to be lost. 

The farmers skin them, dry the pelts and export 
them to England, where they are made into fine 
leather for boots and shoes. Are your shoes water- 
proof? Probably they are made of kangaroo hide, for 
being water proof is what makes the leather so highly 
prized . Boots and shoes made from kangaroo skin 
may be bought in almost any shoe store in the United 
States. There is a great demand for the leather, and 
dealers cannot get enough of it to supply their trade. 



A LITTLE JOUENKY TO AUSTRALIA. 



71 



Flesh from young kangaroos is much prized, The 
steaks from them are said to be very delicious. The 
natives formerly lived on them almost entirely, as far 
as their meat was concerned. 




CHASE OF KANGAROOS, AUSTRALIA. 



They hunted them in several ways, often, killing 
them by the skillful throwing of the boomerang. 
Sometimes they would get near to them by covering 
themselves with branches to resemble a small tree. 



72 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



Taking a spear between the toes, they would move 
slowly towards an intended victim. When near 
enough, with unerring aim the spear was thrown and 
the animal was captured. 

Probably their most common method of hunting 
them was with dingoes, the wild dogs of Australia. 
They are handsome shaggy creatures, something like 
our collie, but of a very fierce disposition. They also 
preyed so much on the herds of sheep, that the ranch- 




YT OR WILD DOG. 



men have killed them off, until they have almost en- 
tirely disappeared. 

Let us come from our hiding places and observe the 
actions of the kangaroos. At once they see us. For 
a moment they sit erect, and then make for the woods 
in great bounds, fifteen and twenty feet to a leap. 
It is a curious sight. They do not touch their forefeet 
or their tails as they go flying over the ground. We 
cannot keep from laughing at their awkward move- 
ments. 



% A Little journey to Australia. 73 

A VISIT TO TASMANIA. 

Shall we make a little visit to Tasmania, before 
starting on our long voyage home? 

About one hundred and fifty miles south of Mel- 
bourne we arrive at a heart-shaped island named for 
the Dutchman, Abel Tasman, who discovered it. 

When we find that this island is almost as large as 
Ireland, and that it would make three of our Massa- 
chusetts, we have another south sea surprise. 

The island is worth visiting for the beautiful 
scenery alone. Travelers whom we meet from all 
parts of the world tell us that it is as beautiful as 
Scotland and by one traveler it has been called the 
" Switzerland of the South Pacific." 

And, indeed it is no wonder, for it is all mountains 
and valleys. We find thousands of tourists here, and 
we can go from one end of the island to the other by 
rail, or take delightful trips by coach. 

The island is a great health resort, and tourists from 
all over the world fill its hotels and boarding houses. 
They wander by beautiful lakes and waterfalls, through 
fern covered parks, and find health and pleasure away 
down here more than two thousand miles south of the 
equator. 

Tasmania has over 200,000 people and the capital 
and largest city, Hobart, contains over 40,000 inhabi- 
tants. It nestles in the hills, with mountains at its 
back. 

The streets are laid out at right angles, but they are 
all up hill and down. A ride through them on top of 
a big double deck street car affords us considerable 



74 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

fun. Our ride consists mostly of jerks, except when 
the clumsy car takes us down hill. 

The people of the island are mainly engaged in fruit 
raising, farming and mining. 

Here we are treated to delicious strawberries, rasp- 
berries, grapes, and other small fruits. Apples are 
very plentiful, and are shipped to England in great 
quantities. 

Large farms grow thousands of bushels of wheat. 
Other farms are devoted to sheep-raising. The sheep 
farms here are not as large as those of Australia, and 
the sheep probably receive better care. Many of the 
sheep are worth $1,000 apiece, and some bring as high 
as $5,000. 

Gold is also mined in Tasmania, but tin mining is 
carried on extensively. The largest tin mines in the 
world are on this island. Silver, copper, iron, and coal 
are also found here in large quantities. All of these 
facts lead us to look upon Tasmania as an island of 
great wealth and importance. 

TttE NEW ZEALAND ISLANDS. 

Before we leave Tasmania let us look again at our 
maps. Our next and last place to visit is the group 
of three islands known as New Zealand. 

Turning our maps " upside down " there is some- 
thing very familiar about the shape of the islands. 

They seem but a little way from Tasmania, yet it 
will take us four days on the Pacific before we reach 
Wellington, the capital. We touched at these islands 
on our way to Australia, and had the promise of a visit 
before our return to America. 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



75 



Wi/f.-ff. 




AN ABORIGINE. 



76 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

If Tasmania would make three Massachusetts, New 
Zealand would make several more. This boot-shaped 
group has a combined area of 105,000 square miles. 
The coast, which is irregular in shape, measures nearly 
4,000 miles. 

We had a vague idea that New Zealand was inhab- 
ited by savages, but here we find large cities, with fac- 
tories, mills, fine banks, large stores, elegant churches 
and school houses, the outlying districts being laid out 
in fine farms. 

True, New Zealand has her aborigines, about 40,000, 
but they have mostly become civilized. They are 
called Maori (Mo wry). The men are large and fine 
looking. They have chocolate complexions and high 
cheek bones. Most of them dress in European clothes, 
though of course, savage like, they are fond of bright 
colors. 

The Maori women might be handsome were it not 
for the tattooing which covers their chins and lips. 
They have beautiful eyes and are very intelligent. 

The Maoris were formerly cannibals. Now they are 
Christians. They have their own churches and 
schools, and most of them speak English. Every year 
they are less in numbers, and in traveling through the 
country we see very few. 

What we see is a progressive, wealthy country, full 
of business and activity. 

The great industry of the country is sheep raising, 
which is carried on both for wool and mutton. New 
Zealand has 20,000,000 sheep, and receives an income 
every year of more than $32,000,000 for its wool, mut- 
ton, and tallow. The wild lands and hills are given 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



77 



up to the raising of the handsome Merinos, the moist 
soil to the Lincolns, and the dry plains to the Leices- 
ters. So we find every bit of the land of the island 
used in some way. 

A visit to the freezing factory shows us how they 
prepare the mutton to be shipped, and a visit to the 




PURE MERINO. 



wool factories shows us what becomes of the 
fleecy wool from the backs of these fine old sheep. 

There is work for everybody, and the wages are 
high. 

Factory people here in the islands look healthy and 
happy. 



78 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

If we had. time to run down to Xnvercargill we should 
visit the most southern city of the Pacific, but our stay 
is now short, and New Zealand holds yet many attrac- 
tions. 

In the South Island, we visit the beautiful pink ter- 
races, which look like colored marble. They form the 
basins of geysers. There are many of these boiling 
springs in this vicinity. The natives often boil their 
potatoes in these springs, or bake them on the hot 
rocks. They are used as baths for invalids. There 
are also mud springs into which people get and al- 
most bury themselves in the mud, which often cures 
them of diseases, especially rheumatism. 

Traveling northward to Aukland, we pass through 
the famous gum forests, from which $3,000,000 is made 
every year. The gum is a rich yellow. It oozes from 
the trunks of the trees, runs down to the ground and 
hardens in chunks on the top of the ground and under- 
neath the surface. The chunks vary from the size of 
a walnut to 100 pounds each. The gum diggers often 
make $25 a week. The gum is mostly used in making 
fine varnish for furniture. 

There are curiosities here as well ao in Australia. 
Nowhere under the sun except in New Zealand will we 
see vegetable caterpillars. They really look like cater- 
pillars, with a stem growing from the head, the cater- 
pillar itself being about two inches long. 

What are those ridiculous birds walking about? 
They have no wings, and are the most awkward looking 
animal you can imagine. They are called kiwis, and 
live in the thick ferns of the wood. 

At Aukland we find ourselves in the "Naples of 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 



79 



New Zealand/ ' Do you know why it is so called? 
Naples rests at the foot of the great volcano, Vesu- 
vius, in Italy. See if you can find a country in Eu- 
rope shaped like New Zealand. There you will see the 
famous volcano, Vesuvius. 

Aukland is compared to Naples because back of it 
rises Mt. Eden, and before it lies the bay. Within a 
district of ten miles from the business portion of the 
city, are the cones of more than sixty volcanoes, 




THE KIWIS OR WINGLESS FOWLS OF NEW ZEALAND. 

which, at some time, have been active. In 1851, 
Aukland experienced a severe earthquake, which 
raised the land along the sea shore for many miles. 

But, even with the promise of a pension in old age, 
such as all New Zealanders receive after sixty-five 
birthdays have passed, we cannot stay here forever. 
We are a long ways from home. Our good ship is 
waiting for us in the harbor. The whistle calls us to 
get aboard for our homeward voyage. 



80 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

HOMEWARD BOUND. 

As the last bit of land fades from our sight, we 
realize that the broad and deep Pacific Ocean will be 
our home for many days. Three weeks from the 
"Golden Gate!" It seems a long time.. 

As night comes on the stars come out and we still 
miss our old comrade the "Dipper." Over the waters 
our voices ring with the old song, "The Dearest Spot 
on Earth." ■ 

America ought to be the dearest spot to us, but in 
the long voyage we have learned that there are other 
great countries besides our own. 

We love our own land the best, but we admire the 
progress which we have found in the great island con- 
tinent of the "Southern Seas." 

The great cities surprised us, the curious things in 
nature "interested us, and the hospitality of the people 
has delighted us. 

On our homeward voyage we review the year. 
What treasures of knowledge we have gained! We 
have visited many countries, but there is much more 
of the world to see. We have almost "scoured" the 
Pacific Ocean in our desire for new sights and scenes, 
but on the other side of the broad Atlantic, treasures 
in art, beautiful scenery and great cities await us. 
Let us hope that our "Little Journeys" to those lands 
will be as delightful as those we have taken in the 
past. 

Eagerly we watch for our shores. They are sighted 
at last, and soon we are in the harbor of San Francisco, 
"home again from a foreign shore." 



TEACHER'S SUPPLEMENT. 



A Little Journey to Australia. 

The class, or travel club, has now completed the study of 
Australia, and is ready for a review. In order to make this in- 
teresting, let the work be summed up in the form of an enter- 
tainment called — 

AN AFTERNOON OR EVENING IN AUSTRALIA. 

For the afternoons abroad, given as geography reviews, or as 
a part of the Friday afternoon exercises, invitations may be writ- 
ten out by the pupils, or mimeographed or hectographed, and 
carried to friends and parents. 

If given as an evening entertainment and illustrated by 
stereopticon views, handbills may be printed and circulated, at 
least a week beforehand. The following form may be used: — 

SCHOOL ENTERTAINMENT. 

A TKIP TO AUSTRALIA FOR TEN CENTS. 

You are invited by the pupils of the school [or the 

members of the Travel Class or Club] to spend an evening (or 
afternoon) in Australia. 

The party starts promptly at 1:30 p. M. (or 8 p. M.) the-— — . 
Those desiring to take this trip should secure tickets before the 
day of sailing, as the party is limited. Guides are furnished free. 

The proceeds of this entertainment are to be used in the 
purchase of a library and pictures for the school. 

SUGGESTIONS. 

The exercises should be conducted and the talks given by 
the pupils themselves. Some topic should be selected by each 
pupil, or assigned to him, and with this topic he should become 
thoroughly familiar. 



82 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

Geographies, books of travel, magazine articles and newspa- 
pers should be consulted until each pupil has his subject well 
in hand. He should also, where possible, secure photographs, 
pictures or objects with which to illustrate his talk. At its 
close these should be placed upon a table, or the chalk tray, that 
visitors may examine them more closely. 

If the entertainment is given in the evening, the teacher may 
be able to use stereopticon views. 

These will prove a very great attaction to both pupils and 
parents, and should be secured if possible. The lantern with oil 
lamp may be easily operated by the teacher while the pupils 
give the descriptions of the pictures or give talks about the 
country. 

The lanterns and slides may be rented for the evening or 
afternoon at reasonable rates, and the cost covered by an admis- 
sion fee of from ten to twenty-five cents. 

A leader, or guide, may be appointed to make the introduc- 
tory remarks, and to announce the numbers of the programme. 

Other pupils speak of the journey to Australia, the people, 
industries, plant and animal life, scenery and special features of 
the country. 

In the Leisure Hour for 1899 are a number of stories of Aus- 
tralia. One or more of these might be read aloud to the class, 
or used as a reading during the afternoon exercises. 

" Widderin's Race," a poem in Longfellow's Poems of Places, 
vol. xxxi, page 18, may also be read or recited. 

Let one number consist of short items of interest about Aus- 
tralia. These may be read or recited by a number of pupils, 
one following the other, without names being called. 

For afternoon exercises decorate the blackboard with a bor- 
der of gold wattle (Australian acacias) . Across the center of the 
board print in large letters "Australia, the Land of the Dawn- 
ing," or " Queen of the Pacific." Over the board place pictures 
of the King and Queen of England, who count Australia among 
their possessions. 

For invitations have pupils mimeograph a number of outline 
maps of Australia. The invitations may be written or printed 
on these. 



CLASS WORK. 83 

Tea and wafers may be served if light refreshments are de- 
sired. The Australians are great tea drinkers. Every afternoon 
and every evening tea is served to each member of the family. 
Sugar and milk are served with this drink, and the tea is made 
very sweet. 

CLASS WOEK. 

Do all the pupils understand the term "Australasia?" Ex- 
plain that the islands Tasmania and New Zealand, which lie 
south of Australia, are supposed to have been a part of Aus- 
tralia; that at one time they were joined to Asia, and for that 
reason the term "Australasia" is given to them. 

Do pupils know the difference between continental and 
oceanic islands ? Explain that continental islands lie near the 
coast and are detached parts of the mainland. 

Oceanic islands are either volcanic or coral. Explain how 
these coral islands and reefs are formed. Show pieces of coral 
which help to form them. 

The coral animal is not an insect. It is a polyp that secretes 
a dense calcareous skeleton out of the lime which is found in 
the sea. The coral polyp lives only in warm or tropical seas. 

We somtimes see the word "atolls." What are they? Is 
there any difference between these and the barrier reef? The 
Great Barrier Coral Reef of Australia is one of the wonders of 
the world. These reefs make it necessary to employ a great 
number of pilots for the large vessels. But even then a number 
of ships are wrecked every year on these reefs. 

Why is it not possible to use the beach for bathing at some 
places? Have pupils find pictures of the octopus, or "cobbler," 
which annoys the bather on the coast of Australia. The dic- 
tionary or encyclopaedia will give cuts of this creature. It uses 
its arms to creep, swim and sieze its prey. If it comes near one 
in the water it squirts out a horrible juice, or acid. This causes 
inflammation, swelling and pain, and the bathers are careful to 
keep clear of it. 

Read the poem " The Coral Grove," in the supplement of 
the Little Journey to the Philippines Take a trip to Torres 



84 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

Strait, north of the Great Barrier Reefs. Thursday Island will 
interest us, for it is the headquarters of the pearl shell fisheries. 

There are about three thousand people here; many of whom 
are engaged in the pearl, pearl shell and trepang fisheries. 
Mother-of-pearl in large quantities has been found in these 
waters. It is sometimes found in shallow water and may be 
gathered with the hand, but is usually collected by a diver. 

The diver goes out to sea in a vessel and must dive from 
seven to twenty fathoms in order to find the pearl. Some of 
these men are aborigines from the mainland, but the best divers 
are often the Chinese, Japanese and Manila men. The best 
mother-of-pearl brings over a thousand dollars a ton. 

Sometimes very valuable pearls are obtained from these 
shells. These pearls vary in size and shape. Some of the finest 
are worth from one to two thousand dollars. 

We must also learn something of the trepang fisheries. 
These fishes have cucumber-shaped bodies, which they can con- 
tract or expand. The mouth is surrounded by tufted tentacles. 
The fish are picked off the reef during low tide or obtained by 
diving. They are then cured, bagged and shipped to market. 
The Chinese are very fond of this fish, and great quantities of 
it are shipped to China. 

The oyster fisheries is another important industry. The 
coxcomb oyster is found in these waters. A pair of the shells of 
this oyster sometimes weighs over six pounds. Secure articles 
made of or ornamented with mother-of-pearl for the product 
table. Merino cloth, kangaroo shoes, and perhaps a can of kan- 
garoo soup, would lend interest to the Australian exhibit. 

PROGRAMME. 

1. Introductory remarks by the Guide. 

2. Recitation — " Australia '' — a poem. 

3. History of Australia. 

4. Geography. 

5. Climate. 

6. Government. 
T Voyage. 



PROGRAMME. 85 

8. Song : "Far, Far at Sea," Fountain Song Boot No. 1. 
Recitation: " To the North Star." 

9. Melbourne. 

10. The Aborigines. 

11. Travel in Australia. 

12. Sydney. 

I'd. Sheep Raising. 

14. The Gold Fever. 

15. The Pearl Industry. 

16. Glimpses of other Cities. 

17. The Song of Australia. 

18. Animal Life. 

19. The Kangaroo. 

20. Story of the Emu 

21. Plant Life. 

22. Tasmania. 

23. New Zealand Islands. 

24. Items of Interest. 

25. Eecitation : " The Parrot." 

26. Homeward Bound. 

27. Song: "Home Again." 

AUSTRALIA. 

" There is a land in distant seas, 
Full of all contrarieties. 
There beasts have mallard bills and legs, 
Have spurs like cocks, like hens lay eggs. 

There parrots walk upon the ground, 
And grass upon the trees is found. 
On other trees another wonder — 
Leaves without upper side or under. 

There pears you'll scarce with hatchet cut; 
Stones outside the cherries put; 
Swans are not white, but black as soot; 
There neither leaf, nor root, nor fruit, 
Will any christian palate suit, 



THE SONG OF AUSTRALIA. 



Mrs. C. J. Carleton. 



Cart. Linger. 
by Mrs. Jessie L. Gaynor. 




There is a land where summer skies Are gleaming with a thousand dyes, 
There is %. land where honey flows,Where laughing corn luxuriant grows, 
There is a land, where, floating free. From mountain top to girdling sea. 



Sfe£ 



t=t 



-*- 



• I 



?r=^ 



J — 

Blending in witching harmonies, in har 

Land of the myrtle and the rose, yes, fair 

A proud flag waves exultingly. exult 



nt 



mo-nies; And grass)' knoll and 
est rose; On hill and plain the 
ing - ly; And freedom's sons the 




1 .II 1 

for - est height Are flushing in the ro - sy light, And all a-bove is 
clus - t'ring vine Is gushing out with purple wine. And cups arequaffed to 
ban - ner bear; No shackled slaves can breathe theair — Fairest of Britain's 
t- + I 




az-ure bright, Aus-tra-lia, Aus - tra 
thee and thine, Aus-tra-lia, Aus - tra 
daughters fair, Aus-tra-lia, Aus - tra 



lia, 
lia. 
lia, 



Aus - tra 
Aus - tra 
Aus - tra 




From "Songs of All Lands." 



Used by permission of American Book Company. 



Note.— In "Songs of All Lands" teachers will find a valuable aid in the Afternoons 
Abroad. It is a collection of patriotic and national songs of manv countries, together 
with folk-songs from a variety of sources. All the chief songs are ca'pable of being made 
texts for studies in geography, ethnology, and race characteristics. 



HOME AGAIN. 



Marshall S. Pikk. 




1. Home a - gain, home a - gain, From a for - eign shore! And 

2. Hap - py hearts, hap-py hearts With mine have laughed in glee; And 

3. Mu - sic sweet, mu - sic soft, Lin- gers round the place; And 






=fc 



^ 



S = 



i 



Fine. 



* 



\r-. 



t:sfz-ij=* 



t 



&~. 



-&"*- 



oh, it fills my soul with joy To meet my friends once more, 
oh, the friends I loved in youth Seem hap - pi - er to me; 
oh, I feel the childhood charm That time can - not ef-face. 



9fe 



.^_s_ 



EE 



m. 



'- •/ / >— r (2- 



ife 



PP 



^fi=t=ii=f 



is 



Here I dropped the part - ing tear, To cross the o- cean'sfoam, 
And if my guide should be the fate Which bids me long - er roam, 
Then give me but my homestead roof; I'll ask no pal - ace dome; 
* _* • — « _« _^_* ,_#_• tt #_• — • — ^0± — # 



irfcf: 



;^F 



a?^ stanza in D. C. 




IZti 



.^_«_ 



• r 

But now I'm once a-gain with those Who kind -ly greet me home. 
But death a-lone can break the tie That binds my heart to home. 
For I can live a hap-py life With those I love at home. 



1 






fefc^: 



/5- T 



I 



A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

Unless in desperate need you'll fill ye 
With root of fern and stalk of lily. 
There stead of bread and beef and broth 
Men feed on many a roasted moth. 

There missiles to far distance sent, 

Come whizzing back from whence they went. 

There quadrupeds go on two feet, 

And yet few quadrupeds so fleet. 

There birds, although they cannot fly, 
In swiftness with the greyhound vie. 
With equal wonder you may see 
The foxes fly from tree to tree. 

And what they value most, so wary, 
These foxes in their pockets carry. 
The sun, when you to face him turn ye, 
From right to left performs his journey. 

The north winds scorch, but when the breeze is 
Full from the south, why then it freezes. 
Now of what place can such strange tales 
Be true with truth, 
But New South Wales?" 

WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 

'O beauteous Southland ! land of yellow air, 

That hangeth o'er the slumbering, and doth hold 

The moveless foliage of thy valleys fair, 
And wooded hills like aureole of gold. 

O land, God made thee wondrous to the eye ! 

But his sweet singers thou hast never heard. 
He left thee, meaning to come by and by, 

And give rich voice to every bright winged bird. 

He painted with fresh hues thy myriad flowers, 
But left them scentless; ah! their woeful dole, 

Like sad reproach of their Creator's powers, 
To make so sweet, fair bodies, void of soul. 



LofC. 



POEMS. 89 

He gave thee trees of odorous, precious wood, 
But midst them all bloomed not one tree of fruit; 

He looked, but said not that his work was good, 
When leaving thee all perfumeless and mute." 

—J. B. O'Reilly. 

HYMN TO THE NORTH STAR. 

'The sad and solemn night 

Hath yet her multitude of cheerful fires ; 
The glorious host of light 

Walk the dark hemisphere till she retires; 
All through her silent watches, gliding slow, 
Her constellations come, and climb the heavens and go. 

On thy unaltering blaze 

The half -wrecked mariner, his compass lost, 
Fixes his steady gaze, 

And steers, undoubting, to the friendly coast, 
And they who stray in perilous wastes by night 

Are glad when thou dost shine to guide their footsteps 
right. 

And therefore bards of old, 

Sages and hermits of the solemn wood, 
Did in thy beams behold 

A beauteous type of that unchanging good, 
That bright eternal beacon by whose ray 
The voyager of time should shape his heedful way." 

— William Cullen Bryant. ' 

the parrot. 
"The deep affections of the breast 

That heaven to living things imparts, 
Are not exclusively possessed 
By human hearts. 

A parrot from the Spanish Main, 

Full young, and early caged, came o'er 

With bright wings to the bleak domain 
Of Mulla's shore. 



90 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

To spicy groves, where he had won 

His plumage of resplendent hue, 
His native fruits and skies and sun, 

He bade adieu. 

For these he changed the smoke of turf 

A heathery land and misty sky, 
And turned on rocks and raging surf 

His golden eye. 

But petted in our climate cold, 

He lived and chatted many a day, 
Until, with age from green and gold, 

His wings grew gray. 

At last, when blind, and seeming dumb, 
He scolded, laughed, and spoke no more, 

A Spanish stranger chanced to come 
To Mulla's shore. 

He hailed the bird in Spanish speech; 

The bird in Spanish speech replied; 
Flapped round his cage with joyous screech, 

Dropped down, and died." 

— Thomas Campbell. 

1TEHS OF INTEREST ABOUT AUSTRALIA. 

FLOATING MATS. 

Among the wonders of Australia are its floating grass mats. 
These are found in the creeks and lagoons of Queensland. The 
grass has roots, but these do not attach themselves to the earth. 
They become interwoven with the stems of the plant and form 
such strong masses that horses can walk on them. 

TOADSTOOL LAMPS. 

In Australia is found a toadstool which gives forth light at 
night. It is of a pale-green hue, resembling the glow of the 
earth-worm. Several of these toadstools placed in a dark room 
will give enough light to enable a person to see to read. 



ITEMS. 91 

THE SPINY ANT-EATER. 

Among the curious animals of Australia is the spiny ant- 
eater. It is much like our porcupine. It has quills, and. when 
alarmed rolls itself up in a ball. It can swim well, although its 
feet are not webbed, and when pursued disappears very rapidly 
in the earth or sand. It lays eggs like birds, and hatches them- 

A BIRD-BEAST. 

Did you ever see an animal half bird and half beast? This is 
what the duck-bill seems to be. It has the bill and webbed feet 
of a duck and the body of an otter. Its body is covered with 
brown fur, something like plush. It resembles a mole, somewhat. 
It is about one foot in length. The hind feet are armed with 
spurs and exude a poisonous liquid. It also lays eggs and 
hatches them. 

A FRILLED LIZARD. 

The frilled lizard is another queer looking animal. It is 
about two feet long, and has a loose skin about its throat, which 
it can erect like a broad lace collar. When startled it rises on 
its hind legs and jumps like a kangaroo. 

AUSTRALIAN BUTTERFLIES. 

It has been said by travelers that in Australia the butterflies 
bathe. They back into the water, remain a few seconds, and 
then fly away. 

THE PARROT. 

The parrot is the most common bird found in Australia. 
There are all kinds and sizes. They vary in size from three 
feet to five inches. Their voices are very harsh, but many of 
them can be taught to talk. They are restless, tricky and bad 
tempered, but affectionate. They use their hooked bills to help 
them in climbing. They use their feet as hands. One of the 
most beautiful of the species is the cockatoo. It is white, with 
wings lined with red and brillliant red among its tail feathers. 



92 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

THE TRAVEL CLASS. 

Nothing in the study of geography is more interesting or 
helpful to pupils than the taking of imaginary journeys. It 
makes geography a live subject. 

Suggest that your pupils organize a Travel Club, and that 
some of the trips be personally conducted. 

Maps and a globe should be in constant use. The home 
should be the starting point. Railroad circulars, maps and time 
cards for free distribution will be found valuable. Pupils should 
be taught how to use these maps and time cards. 

Give pupils a choice as to routes or roads over which they 
are to travel. Each pupil, however, should be able to give a 
reason for his preference for any particular road, and must know 
the number of miles and the time required for the journey. 
The road or route voted upon by the majority may then be de- 
cided upon, and preparations made for the trip. 

Find out the best time to go to each particular country, and 
the reason. What clothes it will be best to wear and to take 
with one. About how much money it will be necessary to spend 
on such a trip, and when and where this money should be 
changed into the coin or currency used in the country we expect 
to visit. 

A Guide may be appointed to obtain time-tables, maps, rail- 
road guides, the little books of travel, or other descriptions of 
routes and of the parts of the country that are to be visited. 
(Further suggestions in regard to these "helps" will be found 
elsewhere in this book.) 

The principal features of the country passed through may bo 
described, if time permits; also the more important cities. Note 
the population, occupations, productions, together with anything 
of special interest or historical importance associated with the 
city or locality. 

The Guide takes charge of the class in the same way that a 
tourist guide would do. He escorts us from the home depot to the 
city, state, or country, pointing out the route on a map sus- 
pended before the class. 



TRAVEL CLASS. 93 

Arriving at the city or country, he takes us to the various 
points of interest, telling as much about each as he is able, and 
answering questions pupils may wish to ask. If the guide can 
not answer all questions, the teacher or some other member of 
the party may. 

When the guide has finished with a topic or section, other 
members of the party may give items of interest concerning it. 

A different pupil may act as guide to each city or part of the 
country visited, and each pupil should come to the class with 
a list of questions about the places. 

Every pupil in the class may take some part, either as guide, 
or as the class artist, musician, librarian, historian, geographer, 
geologist, botanist, zoologist, or man of letters. 

A Historian may tell us of the history of the country, and 
answer all questions of historical interest. 

A Geographer may tell of the location on the globe, of the 
natural land formations of mountains, canons, prairies, rivers, 
etc., and of the climate resulting from these. He should illus- 
trate his remarks. 

A Geologist may assist and show specimens of minerals and 
fossils, or pictures of these. 

A Botanist may tell us of native plants, useful or ornamental, 
and show pictures of these if possible. A Zoologist tells of the 
native animals, their habits and uses. 

The geographer, geologist, botanist and zoologist direct the 
work at the sand table, and assist in reproducing the country in 
miniature. 

The Merchants and Tradesmen tell us of the products for 
which their country is noted, and show samples of as many as 
it is possible to secure. They also tell what they import, and 
why. 

A Librarian or Correspondent may visit the library for in- 
formation sought by the club. He must be able to give a list of 
books of travel, and be ready to read or quote extracts referring 
to the places visited on the tour. 

He or his assistant may also clip all articles of interest from 
papers, magazines, and other sources, and arrange these, as well 



94 A LITTLE JOURNEY TO AUSTRALIA. 

as the articles secured by other pupils, in a scrap-book devoted 
to each country. 

The Artist and his assistant may tell us about the famous 
artists and their works, if any. He may illustrate his remarks 
with pictures, if he can obtain or make them. 

The Club Artist may also place upon the board in colored 
crayons the flag, the coat-of-arms, and the national flower of the 

country. 

A Photographer may be appointed to provide or care for the 
photographs and pictures used in the class talks. The photo- 
graphs may often be borrowed from tourists or others. Pictures 
may be obtained from magazines, railroad pamphlets, the illus- 
trated papers, or from the Perry Pictures, and mounted on card- 
board or arranged by the artist in a scrap-book, with the. name 
of the country on the cover. 

If the members of the travel or geography class are not pro- 
vided with the " Little Joueneys," the teacher should have at 
least two copies. The pictures from one of these books should 
be removed and mounted for class use. They may be mounted 
on a screen or on cardboard, and placed about the room or 
grouped in a corner. They should be allowed to remain there 
during the month, that all the pupils may have an opportunity 
to examine them. 

Another pupil may collect curiosities. Many families in each 
neighborhood will be able to contribute some curio. Pupils in 
other rooms in the building will be interested in collecting and 
loaning material for this little museum and picture gallery. 

Coins and stamps may be placed with this collection. Begin 
a stamp album, and collect the stamps of all the countries studied. 
The stamps of many countries show the heads of the rulers. 

The album should be kept on the reading-table with the 
scrap-books, in order that pupils may have access to it during 
their periods of leisure. 

Dolls may be dressed in the national costume or to represent 
historical personages. 

This form of construction work may be done outside of school 
hours by pupils under the direction of the historian and artist. 



TRAVEL CLASS. 95 

The dolls, when dressed, may be made the centers of court, home, 
field or forest scenes arranged on the sand-table. 

A Musician or musicians may tell us of the characteristic 
music of the country, and of famous singers or composers. She 
may also sing or play the national song or air of the country, if 
there be one. 

The singer should be dressed in national costume, if it is pos- 
sible to secure it, or to make it out of calico, paper, or some other 
cheap material. 

A Man of Letters may tell of the famous men and women of 
the country through which we are traveling, and may visit their 
homes with us. He may call attention to the literature of the 
people and give selections from noted writers from or about the 
places visited. 



REFERENCE BOOKS. 

Australia, Powell. 

Victoria in 1880. 

History of Australia, Rusden. 

Australia, Eden. 

Under the Southern Cross, Ballou. 

Australian Handbook. 

Through the Tropics, Vincent. 

Australia, Bonwick. 

Australian Aborigines. 

Bush Life in Queensland, Grant. 

New Homes, Powell. 

Warburten, Across Australia. 

Islands of the Pacific, James M. Alexander. 

Australasia, Greville Tregarthen. 

Picturesque Australia, Cassell. 

Australia, Edwin C. Booth. 

Among the Cannibals. 

South Australia, Harcus. 

Boy Travelers in Australia, Knox. 

Australia and the Islands of the Sea, Eva M. C. Kellogg. 

Stories of Australasia, Mara L, Pratt. 

Letters to Chicago Sunday Record-Herald (from March to 

June, 1901), Frank G. Carpenter. 
Illustrated London News (January to Jane, 1897). 
Harper's Weekly (January, 1897). 
Cosmopolitan (May to October, 1896). 
Scribner's Magazine (1891). 



GREAT AMERICAN INDUSTRIES 

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Volume I of this indispensable 
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